What lessons can be learned by leadership displayed by both sides during the Gallipoli Campaign Essay Example

What lessons can be learned by leadership displayed by both sides during the Gallipoli Campaign Essay The Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War is a valuable case study for learning about leadership qualities and styles. Although it is a sad fact that close to 500,000 lives were lost in the campaign, the decisions taken and tactics adopted during the course of these battles would serve present and future generations of military and political leaders. As some historians already point out, the Gallipoli campaign holds a special place in the annals of World War. Leading a Multicultural Army: The campaign was witness to some inspiring leadership skills that combined ethical norms, bravery and an astute understanding of the technical aspects of modern warfare. It is a tribute to those great men that they could exercise such superior qualities in the midst of a very unsettling phase in European history. The commanders were often handed charge of troops drawn from various nations. It requires of the leader to be sensitive and understanding of his subordinates’ sensibilities and cultural practices in order to win the trust and respect of the unit. For example, the Turkish forces were for the large part led by a German General, under whose exemplary leadership the combined allied efforts were nullified. What is all the more impressive is the fact that such a difficult challenge was successfully dealt with for nearly a year, which is a long time in a war situation. The successful organization of Turkish troops under a German leader acts as a model of cooperation to this day. The men in charge of United Nations operations across the globe today can learn a lot from the way Turkish and German nationals cooperated during a crucial juncture of the first Great War. We will write a custom essay sample on What lessons can be learned by leadership displayed by both sides during the Gallipoli Campaign specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What lessons can be learned by leadership displayed by both sides during the Gallipoli Campaign specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What lessons can be learned by leadership displayed by both sides during the Gallipoli Campaign specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The exemplary leadership of Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk): During the battle at Dardanelles, the outstanding leadership traits of Ataturk came into effect. The success at Canakkale Savaslari had boosted the morale of Turkish combatants. And they followed in the same vein at Dardanelles by exhibiting similar valour and resolve. This is a crucial battle result as the fall of Dardanelles to the Allied forces would have handed them a strategic advantage – as it would have opened the doors for an invasion of Constantinople, the Turkish capital. The victory at Dardanelles reinforced the Turkish nation’s faith in their leader Ataturk, whom they elected president after the war. This allowed Ataturk to implement his revolutionary principles, the foundations of which are still evident today. Good Leaders don’t ignore their subordinates: The British War Cabinet’s decision to attack turkey is preceded by an interesting turn of events. The leading advocate for such a move was the then First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. Churchill argued that a surprise attack on Turkey would debilitate them from further participation in the War and facilitate Allied march into Constantinople. The capture of Constantinople would give the allies the much coveted access to the Black Sea, via which they can send supplies to their allies in Russia. Theoretically, it was a sound idea – victory in Gallipoli could have fastened an early end to the war. But it is imprudent of military officers to neglect practical difficulties into account. Although the top brass of the British military machine concurred on the value of victory in Turkey, all of them without exception failed to take into consideration other valuable factors like terrain and enemy strength. Interestingly, the British troops did not share the same enthus iasm that their commanders did – there was scepticism among the lower ranks about the feasibility of the project. In hindsight their fears proved true. It further goes to show how the combatants in the thick of action possess a better sense of ground realities than their arm-chair commanders. Here is a lesson for all leaders – Heeding to the feelings of the subordinates can provide valuable clues which can be used in devising more suitable plans of action. A Rational and a Balanced Mind is required of all Leaders: With the setback of the Dardanelles initiative, the British high command arrived at the conclusion that an amphibious assault was the only option left. As a result, a strong regiment of 70,000 soldiers of British, French, Australian and New Zealand nationality were assembled. The allied forward thrust met with immediate resistance. Consequently, the Allies managed to hold their beach positions with great difficulty. And they were stay put in that position for another 4 months. It was at this juncture that the idea of opening a front at Suvla Bay was conceived. This was to prove another disaster for the Allied forces. But, Winston Churchill was willing to submit to the realities of the situation and called for further reinforcements. Fortunately, his wish was countermanded which prevented further casualties. The episode goes to show how military leaders are gripped by irrationality in their pursuit of a glory that is elusive. When so much is at stake, both for the nation and the indiv idual, the tendency is to take unwarranted risks. The countermand order to Churchill’s request for troops was a decision taken in a balanced frame of mind by weighing the pros and cons of the eventual course. Hence, all leaders should train themselves to preserve their rationality in the most turbulent of times. The Leadership of General Liman von Sanders: The German General Liman von Sanders, was instrumental in the outcome of the battle for Cape Helles. Cape Helles was an important objective for the Allies in the Dardanelles initiative. The combined efforts of the Allies were weakened by the conflict of interest among the coalition partners. For instance, the Russians were more concerned by the advantages Britain and France would gain through the conquest of Constantinople even though they were all fighting on the same side. The apprehension on the part of the Russians meant that they were reluctant to undertake their assignments on the Black Sea. They also undermined the British efforts by providing unreliable intelligence. It goes to show how national self-interest can supersede mutual agreements and treaties. Leaders will have to understand that all agreements, coalitions and contracts need to be backed up by contingency plans – as breach of agreements and violations of treaties are much too common in international affairs . A Silver Lining in every Dark Cloud: It is important to note that although the Allies were embarrassed by their failure to occupy Turkey, the Gallipoli diversion helped in distracting the German high command and slowed its march toward Moscow. Winston Churchill’s reputation suffered a huge setback. However, the experience was to come in handy for Churchill during his bigger role as the Prime Minister of Britain in the Second World War. Hence, there is no such thing as total disaster. This is something all leaders need to keep in mind. As long as mistakes are identified and seen to it that they are not repeated, all experiences can be useful. Such an attitude is essential for all leaders. It is what separates the average ones from the great ones. The Valour and Determination of Captain Alfred Shout Colonel William Malone: One leader of men who captured the imagination of both his subordinates and his enemies is Captain Alfred Shout. His name had become synonymous with the battle for Walker’s Ridge. Atop Baby 700, Captain Shout engaged the Turkish defence with his predominantly under-trained troops and still managed to hold ground. But what brought Alfred Shout enduring recognition and a place in the history books is his unsurpassed dedication to his men. Shout not only the leader of the Anzac battalion but he also helped save several lives through his courage and determination. In spite of being hit by several bullets, Captain Shout continued to carry wounded men away from the line of fire. He is said to have saved a dozen lives in this fashion. But what makes the endeavour all the more remarkable is the fact that Shout himself was severely wounded while performing these brave acts – his arm was made useless by the impact of an artillery and his lung punctured by one of the bullets. Yet, he persisted in carrying out his duty to the nation and to his fellow combatants. The severe strain would ultimately claim his life, but still, his commitment to his men helped inspire others in the thick of battle. It is only apt that Captain Alfred Shout was posthumously honoured with the Military Cross for his services to the Allied cause. Captain Shout’s story is one of leading by example. To gain the respect and admiration of equals and subordinates alike, a leader will have to set an example through his actions. And Captain Shout’s heroics will remain a worthy lesson for all leaders. Another hero for the Allies worthy of mention is Colonel William Malone. His inspirational leadership at Quinn’s Post helped the Allies’ cause by driving the Turkish frontline further back. Sadly though, Colonel Malone was killed by a stray artillery fire. Nevertheless, his men carried on the fight in the same spirit which helped secure some key positions. The story of Colonel Malone’s sacrifice goes on to highlight another key leadership quality – dedication and commitment to the cause. Lessons learnt from the Anzac Cove fiasco: The fiasco at the Anzac Cove would epitomize the lack of planning on part of the Allies. A wave of New Zealand soldiers were sent to back up the already inland Australian regiment. But the New Zealanders lost track of their destination and landed further ashore on what would later be named the Anzac Cove. Further chaos and confusion ensued as the Anzacs had no alternative but to move inland. Without a centralized command and a clear vision of the objectives, the operation failed miserably. To add insult to injury, the Anzacs faced further turmoil from well-trained Turkish snipers. The Anzac casualties were so high that serious consideration was given to abandoning the operation altogether. But indifferent to the general consensus, General Hamilton ordered his men to move on irrespective of enemy hostility. The fiasco at the Anzac Cove would lead to General Ian Hamilton losing his job. Here is an important lesson for all leaders. No amount of ambition can act as a substitute for metho dical and meticulous planning. The damages at the Anzac Cove could have been averted or substantially reduced had General Hamilton prepared and coordinated more carefully. The Disadvantages of Underestimating the Opponent: The Gallipoli Campaign will always be remembered for the Allied defeat against all odds. The Allies came very close to gaining some strategically important victories in the course of their year long ordeal in Turkey. The defeat of the Allies is all the more surprising, given their superior technological know-how and greater numbers. But contrary to accounts of Gallipoli by Western scholars, a study of Turkish documents of the time reveal how advanced their intelligence operations were and how prepared their commanders were. For example, the Turkish high command was well aware of the Allied forces’ impending initiatives in the month of April 1915. They also anticipated the withdrawal of enemy troops toward the end of November that year. Both these predictions proved to be accurate. It is evident that British officials underestimated the Turkish military infrastructure and sophistication. One of the qualities of good leadership is gaining sound understanding of the competition. The British leadership apparently failed in this regard. Hence their failure will serve future generations of leaders in emphasizing the importance of gaining an accurate estimate of the opponent. The Benefits of Planning and Foresight: There were other significant factors as well that undermined Allied efforts. The infantry under the British command were not properly trained. The Mitchell Report too points to this drawback. On top of that, some serious technical difficulties were overlooked in preparation for the campaign. For example, the capability of the Royal Navy in the unique geographical conditions of the Dardanelles straight was never tested before and no special provisions were made atop the warships to counter these challenges. Thus, the limitations of British naval gunnery were exposed in the most embarrassing manner. The estimate of the Turkish ammunition was also well off the mark. All these factors, when combined, offers a recipe for disaster, which the Gallipoli campaign was. Foresight, which is a key leadership quality, was evident in the leadership of General Limon von Sanders and found inadequate in the Allies. When it was finally decided to end the Gallipoli Campaign, the Allies displayed some qualities that they lacked previously in the campaign. The withdrawal of the Australian and New Zealand troops (the Anzacs) drew much praise for the way in which it was executed. There was not a single casualty during the withdrawal in December as the operation was carried out under high secrecy. It is ironic however, that the Allies got their act together after suffering great damage to their resources. The December withdrawal of troops, which ended the campaign, remains the only efficient and well-planned phase of the whole operation. This further highlights the importance of sound planning. In this instance, the Allied leadership applied the principle and it fetched agreeable results. References: Fewster, Kevin., â€Å"Gallipoli: The Turkish Story†, Allen Unwin, 2003. Haythornthwaite, Philip J., â€Å"Gallipoli 1915: Frontal assault on Turkey†, Osprey Publishing, 1991. The Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War is a valuable case study for learning about leadership qualities and styles. Although it is a sad fact that close to 500,000 lives were lost in the campaign, the decisions taken and tactics adopted during the course of these battles would serve present and future generations of military and political leaders. As some historians already point out, the Gallipoli campaign holds a special place in the annals of World War. Leading a Multicultural Army: The campaign was witness to some inspiring leadership skills that combined ethical norms, bravery and an astute understanding of the technical aspects of modern warfare. It is a tribute to those great men that they could exercise such superior qualities in the midst of a very unsettling phase in European history. The commanders were often handed charge of troops drawn from various nations. It requires of the leader to be sensitive and understanding of his .

Tips on Writing a Good Marketing Research Paper

Tips on Writing a Good Marketing Research Paper Tips on Writing a Good Marketing Research Paper Those students who have chosen marketing as their profiling subject will – sooner or later – need to compose the research paper devoted to this area of knowledge. And if their skills and already gained experience allows some of them to do it on the decent level, there still are some students who find it extremely complicated to cope with the writing with the success. The present article will give the latter category of students several tips and guidelines to make the process of marketing research paper writing a bit more enjoyable and easy. First of all, a student will need to select the topic to be writing the paper about. For this purpose, it is very desirable to consult the scientific advisor. He/she, as the person with the many-years’ experience would help the student with the flow of their further investigation. As it is quite clear, the topic needs to be acute and crucial, since there is hardly a need to describe the out-of-date topic and research something which has been already described in tons of scientific materials. So, the topic is the base for the future diligent investigation. Once a student is done with selecting the topic, he/she needs to care of its proper opening to the readers. The outlining process in the best practice in this regard. No matter, which topic you have chosen, the accurate drafting and outlining of every chapter will help you with writing. Ensure to have the reasonable amount of time for researching on the topic, getting acquainted with the existing points on view on the chosen topic and select the reliable and credible sources of the well-known authors to cite or analyze in the future marketing research paper. One more tip will consider the professional help of writers which is to be easily found online. The numerous custom paper writing services are so popular in the web today, so students are welcome to make use of the professional assistance by addressing these agencies or companies. The staff of such online organizations will eagerly help the student in need with any marketing topic. There are thousands of helpful techniques for the process of marketing research paper composing. No matter which ones you apply, the result will not be long in coming. If you work hard to make the research paper an interesting and in-depth investigation, then you have the high chances to succeed. And if anything goes not as you’d like it to, then the assistance given by proficient writers online will make the positive change. You may address the professional writers any time and hope for the helpful guidelines in terms of the best Marketing research paper writing.

Online learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online learning - Essay Example The most effective way to learn these skills is to develop those while one is still a student. Life after education is a lot more complicated than what most students think especially when there is a need to deal with many things all at the same time. Oftentimes, there is a need to meet hectic deadlines and perform tasks that need to be studied thoroughly. On such situations, one needs to organize the things that should be done according to their importance. While organization skill in online learning allows the students to prioritize their goals, in the workplace, it allows one to focus and meet the deadlines without compromising the quality of the work (â€Å"Organizational Skills,† n.d.). Organization skill, as used in the workplace, improves my efficiency as it enables me to finish the necessary work load. As organizational skill develops my efficiency, time management skill improves my productivity as it enables me to maximize my time and effort. As applied in the workplace, time management skill allows one to exercise full control over his/her schedule and allocate ample time for different tasks that need to be done (Foltynek & Motchyka, 2009; Roper, 2007). In relation to organization skills, effective time management skill improves my professional career as it develops my productivity. Aside from the skills previously mentioned, effective communication skill is also important in online learning and in the workplace. Professionals highly depend on their effective communication skill as it determines whether or not their message is clearly understood by the receiver or they clearly understood the message of their leaders (Johnson, n.d.). Effective communication skills would enable me to express my ideas and comments effectively, objectively and politely. In addition, communication skill helps me establish connections

Activity Based Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Activity Based Costing - Essay Example In the other hand shared resources historically was a problematic grey area which caused problems in precisely determining its overall impact to the costs of an operation. A technique that is able to provide financial professionals and managers with better insight about the costs of an operation is called activity based costing (ABC). This purpose of this is to discuss activity based costing by covering the following five topics: history, features, implementation, evaluation and managerial applications. Activity based costing was first utilized in the 1980’s in order to understand the internal breakdown of costs associated with overhead drivers that serve as common resources. Robert Kaplan and Robin Cooper in 1987 for the first time introduced the concept as a chapter of its accounting textbook Accounting and Management: A Field Study Perspective (Weiner, 1995). The industry trend at the time was that overhead costs were rising, thus there was a need of a cost system with enhanced capabilities that enabled it to figure out the reason what this was occurring. In 1990 the first journal article on the subject came out in 1990 and it further revolutionized ABC because it provide a discussion of an application of ABC outside the manufacturing scenario by applying it service based business, financial institutions. The article appeared in the Journal of Bank Cost and Management Accounting and it was written by Richard Sapp, David Crawford, and Steven Robishke (Weiner, 1995). Activity based costing is a completely different accounting system that has its own unique methodology which does not follow the principles associated with traditional cost systems known as absorption costing. ABC just like any other costing system has a similar objective of providing information about corporate costs. One of the differences between ABC and absorption costing is that the systems provide information for different types of users.

Supervision and Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supervision and Law - Coursework Example To that effect, the supervisors often use humiliation and embarrassment as a management tool. The law requires the correctional workplace to be favorable to the employees (Lombardo & Schroeder, 2013). Good supervision improves motivation, job satisfaction, and staff confidence. However, ToersBijns (2013) notes that the correctional workplace is filled with fatigue, tension, stress, and anxiety that are all a perfect formula for burnout. The officers suffer from sleep deprivation and shift disorientation working for odd hours as well as the overtime in order to make up for the staff shortages and follow the supervisor’s requirements. On one hand, the administration demands perfection, while on the other hand, the general public is eager to understand how the correctional officers are doing their job. As for the correctional facilities officers, the longer one works in an incarceration facility the harder they can find positive things in life and often plunge in low-self esteem, depression, and aggression. These emotions are signs of burnout and distress and occurs to e very officer that come to work daily. If the law is not adequately addressed, the supervisor often frowns upon the sick leave, thus denying the officers a work-life balance. Most officers cite the the supervisors as their main nemesis toying around with shifts, rotating the posts, and changing the personnel rules, along with psychologically detrimental issues play into the fatigue factor and drive down the performance and morale of the officers. ToersBijns, C. (2013, April 3). Correctional Officers: Victims of Abuse by Negativity. Retrieved April 15, 2015, from

Information System IT And Organizational Culture Information Technology Essay

Information System IT And Organizational Culture Information Technology Essay What make information system so essential and vital today for every organization? Why heavy investment in information systems and information technologies are still continuing and increasing day by day? The trend today is all set to form an effective and efficient mechanism for improving business processes and achieving overall organizational strategies. In this report we aim to evaluate and analysis the relationship of information system and information technologies with organization and effect of organizational culture in information system development. Information system is the mean by which the people of organization utilize technologies, obtained, process, store, and spread information internally and externally. We can also explain information system in broader way. Combination of hardware, software infrastructure and trained personnel organized to facilitate planning, controlling coordination and decisions making. E:mis10eimagesimg01_05.jpg Nature of information system Before defining organizational information system, the term system, information and management or organization must briefly be explained. A system is a combination or arrangement of parts to form an integrated whole. A system is a plan or method of doing something, on other hand information is what is using in the act of informing or the state of being informed. Management can be defines as planning, organizing, directing and controlling the bossiness operation. Now if we merge all these concepts it becomes management information system. Management information system is that system which allows manager to make decision for the successful operation of the business. Management information systems consist of computer resource, people, and procedure use in modern business organization. Division of information system An information system consists of four parts: procedure, hardware, software, and data. There are different types of systems within an organization, for example: transaction processing system, decision support system, office system, knowledge management system, and office management system. All these systems design to perform tasks for which human brain are not well suited, such as: handling large amount of information, performing complex calculation and controlling many simultaneous processes. Every organization always consider and trying to achieve main objectives set by top management or at the time of organization formulation. That is why, now in a new modern world every organization invests heavily to adopt a new information system to achieve these goals. Strategic role of IS: Information systems always support business operations and processes. Its help organization or business to conduct all function and activities properly. Information system support decision making for managers. Now a day the role and impact of information system direct boots the efficiency and performance of the business. With new advancement of technology a new concept develops in organization which can be define as strategic information system. Dr. Charles Wiseman first introduced the concept of Strategic information system or SIS into the field of information system in 1982-83. Almost any data processing system may be called Strategic if it aligns with computer strategies of business and with organization strategies When any organization implements the strategies through computer, can be define as strategic information system. They are the systems which apply on business strategies in such a way that computer system has an impact on the organization affiance and performance. Organizational information system develops to support to business activities. Organizational information system now become an integral and vital part of business, and directly influences on market share and all others aspects of profitability. At strategic level, through information system organizational planner can analysis and plan new direction for business. Need of Parallel Strategy: In this scenario every organization must focus and analysis one main strategy which is call parallel strategy. Parallel strategy can be define as a save and conservative conversion approach where both the old system and its potential replacement are run to gather for a time until everyone assured that the new system working correctly. This approach can be useful for those organizations that planned to convert its manual system into digital information system. Strategic objective of IS There are six main strategic objective of INFORMATION SYSTMEN are: Functional excellences through monitoring efficiency, productivity, and change in management behaviour through modern technology. Create opportunities and for product and services through new technology. Improved and speedy communication internally and externally within an organization. Quick and improve decision-making. Achievement of Competitive advantages. Survival of organization with help of information system and technology. Operational or functional role of IS: In every organization there is main four-system need to be monitor and control for smoothly run of the business at operational level. The performance of all department depend on system and its show overall performance of any organization. At operational level there are four main systems working together along with other resources of organization like people etc. For example at operational level systems are: Financial information system. Manufacturing information system. Human resource information system. Marketing information system. The financial management information system provides financial information to all financial managers within an organization including the chief financial officer. Financial system keeps of organizations financial assets and funds flow. Manufacturing information system provides all manufacturing information of production department. This information system deal with planning, developing and production of product and service On other hand human resource system are concerns with activities related to worker, managers, and other individual employed by organization. This system maintain employee records; track employee skills, job performance, and training ,and support for employee compensation and career development Next vital system is sale information systems which support managerial activities in the area of product development, distribution, pricing decision, promotional effectiveness and sale forecasting. Management analyzes historical and current financial activity, projects future financial needs, and monitors and controls. E:mis10eimagesimg09_01.jpg Development of information system: A new information system is develop as a solution to some type of problem or set of problem the organization face at different level on various occasions. There are two main reasons for new development of information system. Theses reason might be: Top management or manager realize that the organization is not performing as well as expected. Top management realize that the organization should take advantage of new technology and opportunities to perform more efficiently. An information system support daily, short term, and long term activities of users. It includes store clerk, sale representatives, accountant, manager executive etc. When information requirement change, the information system must meet the new requirement. Understanding information system is vital to all professionals. In todays organization manager and employee at all level work together and use information system. Both are connected directly and indirectly. Socio-technical entity: one important thing need to know about information system development is that an information system is a social and technological entity, and arrangement of both social and technical elements. The development of organizational information system not only involves, hardware, software, programmer, and communication, but also includes change in jobs, knowledge, skill management policies, and processes within organization. Development of organizational information system change organization as whole and change the decision making process as well. Before development of information system, the builder of system must understand how a system will affect the organization as whole, focusing particularly on organizational conflict and change. A new system can be technically successful but failure in social and political process of building new system can fail the whole system. The development of any information system always enhances the real picture in information service in the organization and help information management having a more participatory role in the operation of the organization. In every organization there are three general types of information systems develops and use to keep the business running smoothly. They are financial system, operational system and strategic system. All theses system further subdivided into different system and this division depend on the needs of organization. Technical and Human participation in System Development: Effective system development requires team effort. For every system development project, the organization build a team work on that system or project from beginning to end. That team consist on stakeholder, users, manager and various support personnel. Without the involvement of human no system can be successful at technically level. System development should involve representative from each department. This include nontechnical and IT professionals. The role and responsibilities of member of the system development team vary organization to organization. Following factor are very vital for system development: Stakeholder: all individuals who directly or indirectly affect on organization and they get benefit from system development project. Manager who has highly visible role as system sponsor are key stakeholders because they work hard for system success and ultimately receive some credit or blame. System member or human are very important for new system because they responsible for using system and make it successful. System analyst: A system analyst is a professional who specializes in analysing and designing organizational system and is responsible for designing and an information system for organization. Depending on the size of organization, the task perform by system analyst may vary, so without system analyst the development of information system not possible. They are the key professional who utilizes technology to develop a successful system for organization. They also deal and control all technical issue relate to information technology. In every organization networking of departments are only possible with combination of system analysts and new technology. Technical specialists: the technical specialists are responsible for installing and maintain local networks. The database specialists assist systems analysts and programmers in Developing or modifying applications that use the companys database; the database administrators administer and control an organizations data and information resources; the data warehousing specialists develop and design enterprise-wide applications, for data mining; the data communications specialists evaluate, install, and monitor data communications equipment and software and is responsible for connections to the Internet and other wide area networks. Software programmer: A software programmer is a professional who use computer language such as C++, Java, Perl, PHP, and visual basic. Computer programmer are responsible for making computer programme to satisfy user requirement, they take the plan from system analyst and build necessary software. Its clearly show that for success of any system depend on combination of human and technical resource. As human they participate in system development process, define their goal, and achieve the objective of development of information system. Human can play role as nervous within the organization. Human involvement is vital for any project. For example in case of any problem only machine or computer cannot do anything. Organizational Culture and Information System Organizational culture is personality of any organization. Culture is comprised of the assumption, values, norms, and tangible sign of organization member and their behaviour. Culture is one of those terms that difficult to express distinctly but everyone know it when they sense it. For example a culture of large organization is totally different form the culture of hospital or culture on university. The concept of culture is very important when organization attempting to develop a new information system. During last decade, the impact of national and organizational culture on development and use of information technology increases rapidly. Meanwhile many information technology scholars argue that organization need to understand culture difference if they want to deploy new information system. For this purpose it is vital to know the relationship between technology and culture. The world becomes global market with interaction and communication between people of different cultures. In fact global activities are facilitated by current advanced technology and communication. With rapid increase in technology we are now seeing that same technology being used by different people of different culture. Impact of organizational culture on development of IS process An increasing number of information system applications are implemented across national and cultural boundaries. During this development or transfer process many of these applications encounter problems which can be attribute to the difference between cultures of organization. Culture consists of several elements of which some are implicit and others are Explicit. Most often these elements are explain by terms such as behaviour, values, norms, and basic assumptions. Several studies have suggested that values are important category of culture. Values and practice are acquire early in life through childhood socialization and education then stable in nature but they can change over time and theses change reflects on culture. Hofstedes national model Like all human activities, culture influences on development of information system in different ways. Because of numerous aspects of culture has received particular attention. Hofstedes main research on national culture is principally describe in cultures consequences. The work of Hofstede stands out for the connection of design activities to national culture and organizational forms. His primary data were extracted from a pre-existing bank of employee attitude surveys undertaken around 1967 and 1973 within IBM subsidiaries in 66 countries is the basis for a significant theoretical explanation of the influence of culture on information system design. Geerd Hofstede developed four dimensions of culture such as uncertainty voidance, masculinity, power distance, and individuality influence in information system design. In addition, he compared the designs of geographic information systems in German and US countries. Because of the wealth of data and deep theoretical interpretation, his work has received much attention in the field than other fields Hofstede tried to examine the role of national culture in information system design. He constructed his model on review of sociological theories and work including Kluckho HN (1952, 1961), Parson (1951), Parson and Shils and Weber. In addition, Hofstedes model has been widely used in management research. Hofstedes four dimensions of national culture including: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Uncertainty avoidance: the extent to which future possibilities are defend against or accepted Power distance: the degree if inequality of power between a person at a higher level and a person at a lower level. Individualism: the relative importance of individual goals. Compared with group or collective goals. Masculinity: the extent to which the goal of men dominate those of women. Uncertainty avoidance is the focus on information systems in decision support systems. It is considered with power distance because of interaction effects. On the other hand, individualism and masculinity have little importance and relevance to German and US countries. According to Hofstede, in Germany and the USA, both characterized by low power distance, there are two possible ways to keep organizations to gather and reduce uncertainty. Conclusion This research report suggested that cultures role is dependent on several factors and it is an important topic of research for information system. Results show that competitive environment as well as the nature of itself affects the impact that culture values will have over the transfer process. Finally, it can be said that when culture is in agreement with the IS, the consequences may be as Follows: It allows us to know if the implementation of IS will be satisfactorily accepted It lays down the patterns forth usage of information. Thus, it helps identify which information is important, where it may be obtained and above all, to whom it must be supplied It is an important means of communication, both inside and outside the firm and it allows us to assess the effectiveness of IS applied to telecommunications. It creates cohesion among the members of a firm, as it explains the way things are done in a firm It allows the creation of a social control within a firm. For instance, the implementation of IS, and the correct predisposition of corporate members towards such IS, is hardly controlled merely by means of formal measures. Cultural roles are also very important in this respect. It may help increase the satisfaction of all internal collaborators of the firm, for it facilitates environmental adaptation and internal integration, thus reducing the anxiety created by IS

The Absolute Evil of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essays -- Essays on

The Absolute Evil of Iago in Othello    What marks consummate villainy is the willingness to be absolutely evil-to have no qualms about being diabolical and no strains of human morality.   Because feeling for another leads one to experience guilt, even an iota of empathy is a character flaw that will lead to the downfall of a villain.   To succeed, the villain needs to emulate the character Iago in Othello, who consistently works his evil throughout the whole play and does not slip until the end, when there is simply no way he can turn the situation to his advantage.   Iago is a model for the ultimate villain because he operates on a self-styled level of morality, such that he never doubts his actions, however diabolical the actions seem to the audience.   The rational person is capable of this emulation, for rationality is the ability to reason out a new and yet coherent order: a new order of values and beliefs that constitute his own system of mores.   Convinced of this self-devised system, the villain is able to convincingly impose it upon others and therefore, to manipulate them towards advancing his cause.   Reason also empowers the villain with an aptitude for discerning an order in the midst of chaos and turning adversity into good fortune. With a self-defined strand of logic and reasoning, the villain fashions a code of 'ethics' and 'morality' fitting to his purposes, which makes his malice tolerable to him.   The rational mind can utilise logic and reasoning to arrange values and beliefs in an order that is credible, and therefore irrefutable to the self.   Reasonable, therefore believable and irrefutable-this customised moral code is convincing, and from this conviction, the villain will not be bothered by the morality ... ..., Inc., n. d. Fergusson, Francis. "Macbeth as the Imitation of an Action." Shakespeare: The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Frye, Northrop. Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1967. Greenblatt, Stephen. "Introduction to Macbeth." The Norton Shakespeare. New York: Norton, 1997. 2555-63. Knights, L.C. "Macbeth." Shakespeare: The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Lamb, Charles. On the Tragedies of Shakespeare. N.p.: n.p.. 1811. Rpt in Shakespearean Tragedy. Bratchell, D. F. New York, NY: Routledge, 1990. Mack, Maynard. Everybody's Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.

Chess: Nervous System and Turkish Tribes

Chess is an old game which had been played by enemies of commanders before war began in order to they prove their intelligent against his rival centuries ago. Although chess did not become widespread among Turkish tribes in the past because of some religious and traditional reasons, finally it gained its reputation in most of school nowadays. It is well known fact that Turkish tribes are famous with epic warriors in according to varied source of history books. Chess is also epic game, with the chessboard resembles a battlefield and two sets of pieces the two contending armies and the two rival players think in terms of attack, defense, capture, threats ambushes and tactics. The chess game is full of such activities which suggest a real and live combat. It is obvious that this game is more suitable Turkish customs than other nation cultures even if chess is invented by Indian people. A player of chess is required some qualifications like he can make a decisive move in very complex situation even if under the pressure. That’s why a person who plays chess activates the central nervous system and develops positive emotional reactions. It is very good training challenging task and develop mental health in another stages for a person who plays chess. Opponents of chess have claimed that some arguments to support their arguments. Firstly, chess is objected by some people who misunderstood the Turkish religious because of it does not suitable for Turkish religious. So religious group assert that playing chess is a sin and it is banned by the god because, it was invented by the Indian people and they do not know anything about Turkish religious. But there are a lot of inventions in the Turkish society taken from other nations. Besides, god suggests that If something is useful for human there is no sin using it in the Quran. Secondly opponents of chess claim that playing chess means that spending waste of leisure. They claim that instead of playing chess, leisure can be spent more effectively with another sports. In fact that there is not any other game hobby or diversion as philosophical, intellectual, effectively and thoughtful as chess. In a word, it seems no doubt that there are many valid reasons in support of playing chess. We can understand that a person who plays chess can take a lot of benefit. There cannot be better pursuit than playing chess in leisure time. It not only keeps you busy but also gives entertainment.

Definition and Examples of Doxa in Classical Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Doxa in Classical Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, the Greek term doxa refers to the domain of opinion, belief, or probable knowledge- in contrast to episteme, the domain of certainty or true knowledge. in Martin and Ringhams  Key Terms in Semiotics  (2006), doxa  is defined as public opinion, majority prejudice, middle-class consensus. It is linked to the concept of doxology, to everything that is seemingly self-evident in terms of opinion, or conventional practice and habit. In England, for example, talk of the genius of Shakespeare is part of the doxa, as is a meal of fish and chips or a game of cricket. Etymology:  From the Greek, opinion What is Doxa? [T]he condemnation of rhetoric as trafficking in opinions about justice has dogged the art ever since Plato wrote Gorgias. . . . The Sophists in Gorgias hold that rhetoric creates truth that is useful for the moment out of doxa, or the opinions of the people, through the process of argument and counterargument. Socrates will have no part of this sort of truth which, nevertheless, is essential to a democracy.(James A. Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction, 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2005) Two Meanings in Contemporary Rhetoric In contemporary rhetorical theory, we can distinguish two meanings of the classical term doxa. The first is more faithful to the classical heritage; it therefore stems from an epistemic perspective grounded in the contrast between certainty and probability. The second unfolds along a social and cultural dimension and is concerned with sets of beliefs widely espoused by popular audiences. These two meanings do not necessarily represent a shift from classical to modern theory. Aristotle distinguished doxa as opinion, from episteme as certainty. But in listing various beliefs with a high degree of probability- such as revenge being sweet, or rare objects as more valuable than those that exist in abundance- he also identified specific cultural, social (or what we call ideological) assumptions based on which the premise of an argument can be seen as plausible and be agreed upon by the members of a particular community.(Andreea Deciu Ritivoi, Paul Ricoeur: Tradition and Innovation in Rheto rical Theory. SUNY Press, 2006) Rational Doxa In The Republic, . . . Socrates says, Even the best of opinions are blind (Republic 506c). . . . One can never be the master of ones own doxa. As long as one lives in the domain of doxa, one is enslaved to the prevailing opinions of his social world. In the Theaetetus, this negative meaning of doxa is replaced by a positive one. In its new meaning, the word doxa can no longer be translated as belief or opinion. It is not something passively received from someone else, but rather actively made by the agent. This active notion of doxa is given by Socrates description of it as the souls dialogue with itself, asking itself questions and answering, affirming and denying, and finally making a decision (Theaetetus 190a). And the decision can be rational if the souls conversation is rational.This is the theory of rational doxa, the doxa plus logos . . ..(T. K. Seung, Plato Rediscovered: Human Value and Social Order. Rowman Littlefield, 1996)

A Complete History of AP Classes and Controversies

A Complete History of AP Classes and Controversies SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You probably imagine the AP exam program as one of the mysterious primordial forces of the galaxy, along with gravity and taxes. But, in actuality, the AP program is only about 60 years old. From its unabashedly elitist beginnings to its present attempts to democratize advanced high school coursework, read on to discover a brief history of AP classes and exams, some current AP controversies, and some thoughts on the program’s future. History of the AP Program The story of the AP program begins in the 1950s. In the midst of the Cold War, American policymakers began to fear that high school was not adequately preparing students for college and post-graduate studyand students with advanced training were viewed as an essential part of the American triumph over the Soviet Union.In response to the need to better integrate secondary and university education, the Ford Foundation created the Fund for the Advancement of Education (FAE) in 1951. One of FAE’s initial investigations involved examining the records of graduates of elite prep schoolsLawrenceville, Exeter, and Andoverwho were seniors at Yale, Harvard, and Princeton. They found that most students were taking entry-level coursework in their freshman year at college that merely repeated things they had already learned in high school. The final report suggested that more advanced high school students be allowed â€Å"advanced placement† in college coursework based on exam results. Meanwhile, a parallel FAE project worked on developing universal introductory college-level curriculafor implementation in high schools. Both studies together led to a pilot program with 27 schools administering the first AP tests in 1954. After the strong performance of the test-takers as compared to college freshman who had taken introductory university coursework, ten AP exams were rolled out nationally in 1956: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, English Composition, Literature, French, German, Spanish, and Latin. Management of the AP program was passed off to the College Board in 1955. In the early days, no exams were longer than three hours and students could take any number of exams for a $10 fee. From the beginning, students received scores from 1 to 5, as they do today. The 1960s saw the beginning of an increased focus on teacher training and exam grading standardization to increase overall program consistency.Subsequent decades have seen both a huge expansion in the number of students taking exams and in the number of different exams offered. Many exam and program revisions have also taken place amid concerns that the program is biased towards students of a higher socioeconomic status. Over the years, the price of each exam has risen dramatically. In 2015, each exam cost $91. Financial aid was available for a $26-28 discount, but this still leaves the cost at over $60 per exam. There are currently 37 courses, and over 2 million students took over 4 million AP exams in 2014. There are about 16 million high school students (of all grades) in the country, which means that one in eight, or about 12%, took at least one AP exam last year. For more on the history of the AP, see this in-depth article by history teacher Eric Rothschild. In the 1960s the AP Program expanded, and Buzz Aldrin prepared to go to the moon. Current Controversies For all that AP exams have become a key marker in high school coursework rigor and an integral part of the high-school-to-college transition, the history of AP classesis not without its issues and controversies. There are four main issues with the AP program currently under debate in the national discourse on education. The Program Is Biased Towards the Privileged In spite of the College Board’s attempts to make the exam fair for all and somewhat standardize curricula, the fact remains that the AP program is most successful at schools with more resources. These schools can afford the best teachers, smaller class sizes, newer textbooks, and better technology, all of which contribute to preparing students for AP exams. This means that students at less well-resourced public schools often do not receive adequate preparation for the exam, even if their schools offer AP courses. In this sense, the AP program does little to address real education inequity and may even perpetuate it. Even the cost of the exam is prohibitive to low-income studentswith financial aid, each exam is still over $60. The Too-Rapid Expansion of the AP Program A similar concern is that the rapid expansion of the AP program has set many students up to fail on their exams. Some have argued that the College Board pushes APs into low-income schools and promotes opening AP courses to all students (not just honors-level ones) too rapidly. Then, it’s argued, they don’t provide adequate support or resources in making sure schools can actually prepare students for the exams. This just leads to many students wasting money taking exams they are likely to fail. The Coursework Is Not College-Level Another common complaint is that AP coursework is not an adequate substitute for introductory college coursework. There are concerns that AP classes skim too much material too quickly, preventing students from developing in-depth knowledge or true understanding of the subject. This leads to students being unprepared for advanced-level coursework when they use their AP coursework to skip introductory classes. Some Schools Are Dropping the AP Program Some schools, most notably the University of Chicago Lab School, are dropping AP courses from their offerings amid concerns that the courses prevent teachers and students from truly rewarding, in-depth academic inquiry of subjects. Of course, others have pointed out that it’s really only prestigious high schools that can afford to drop AP classes since, for many schools, AP coursework is the primary marker of academic rigor on student college applications. In that sense, it’s unlikely that there will be a mass exodus away from the AP program anytime soon. Only fancy schools can drop their AP courses for other advanced coursework. The Future of the AP Program There are, in general, two major movements within the AP program to address some of these concerns: revising courses and introducing new courses. Course Revisions A huge number of AP Courses have been recently revised or are in the process of revision. Of course, each course is different, but there have been some general themes to the changes. One major aim is to reduce the content scope of many of the courses so that students can get more mastery over a narrower span of subject matter. Another major change is to focus more on critical thinking and analysis skillsan example of this change is the focus on analyzing sources on the revised history exams. The hope is that by teaching more skills and less content for rote memorization, students will gain more concrete academic competencies from AP courses that they can carry forward into college. Introducing New Courses and Programs Another change has been to introduce some new courses, like AP Computer Science Principles. The most notable addition, however, is the AP Capstone program, which is designed to compete with IB. To get an AP Capstone diploma, students need to take one year of the new AP Seminar course followed by one year of the new AP Research course, in addition to four other AP courses. Students need to score a 3 or better on all exams/courses to get the AP Capstone diploma. AP Seminar and AP Research are designed to much more closely mimic the feel of a small college seminar class, with an interdisciplinary focus and lots of extended individual inquiry. The AP Capstone program aims both to better prepare students for college coursework and to bring more cohesion to the AP program in general. Will future AP exams be proctored by robots? KeyPoints in the History of AP Exams and Courses The AP Program started as a pilot program in the 50s, amid concerns that students in high school were not being adequately prepared for advanced coursework and college and graduate education.From its small beginnings, the AP Program has become a giant, with over 2 million students taking AP exams in 2014. However, the program isn’t without its critics. There are concerns that the program perpetuates education inequity, that it has expanded too rapidly to prepare schools or students for the coursework, and that the coursework is not college-level. Some elite high schools have even dropped their AP programs. In response to some of these issues, the College Board is in the midst of an extensive revision process that has narrowed the content scope of many courses and placed an increased focus on academic skills and critical thinking. They have also introduced the AP Capstone program, an AP diploma program designed to create a more cohesive AP experience. In spite of its issues, it doesn’t seem like the AP program is going anywhere anytime soon. It continues to be one of the primary markers of rigor on a student’s high school transcript. But it will be interesting to see what the future holds! What’s Next? Wondering about the new AP Capstone program described in this article? See our guides to AP Seminar, AP Research, the AP Capstone program, and which schools are currently participating the AP Capstone program. If you’re looking for more information about the AP program, see our articles on whether or not the College Board is mismanaging the AP program and five problems with the AP program. Curious about the IB program, too? See our introduction to the IB program.

Article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Review - Article Example The procedure and results of the experiment are briefly explained in easy words right in the beginning of the article so that readers get maximum information in the first few seconds of reading.  The editors have written  how the mice that had been bred to be more exercise-loving over generations (high voluntary wheel-running) had a 13% larger volume of the midbrain. A 3D reconstruction of the brain of a mouse is also presented alongside the article to provide the readers with a visual idea of the location and size of the midbrain of a regular mouse.   The author has also incorporated the comments of the professors involved in the research project to make the article more interesting and additional information is also provided to the reader along with the personal opinion of the experts.  They have  quoted professor  Garland  saying that it is the first study which has shown a particular mammalian behavior resulting â€Å"in a change in the size of a specific brain region† (Science Daily).  Ã‚   As the reader goes further, the author has provided more important details of the experiment such as the selection of the mice which has been going on for 65 generation in the lab (20 years), and the functioning of different parts of the brain. This section of the article answers any questions that might have occurred in the mind of the reader and deals and deals with them one at a time. From the sample selection to the procedure adopted by the researchers to reach conclusions, the briefly explains them all in easy language. Other findings of the research are also mentioned toward the end of the article including how the high voluntary wheel-running mice also had a larger volume of non-cerebellar brain mass.   The article also mentions  what the researchers  wanted to achieve through these experiments and whether or not they have been successful. In order to provide a concise answer to these questions,  they have  provided yet another direct quotation of the

Police Drones and Civil Liberties Research Paper - 1

Police Drones and Civil Liberties - Research Paper Example However, in some countries, most of the police drones are used during training practices as part of a pilot program. In countries like the United States, aerial drones are used in law enforcement in domestic capacity. The Department of Defense in the United States has argued that war in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iraq has been changed by the use of the drone technology. In Britain, the police department has developed plans for using the drones in monitoring road services. This involves monitoring the speed of vehicles, traffic jam, and even vehicle theft among others. Through this police can keep track of civilians who violate the driver regulations. It is used for collecting road data for traffic police making work more efficient. They are also used in supervising public events such as a presidential conference. In most of the developed countries, the police drones are used in monitoring the behavior of individuals in a public gathering to ensure security. According to Solan, Tiersma, and Conley (2005), this has been an important activity as protects individuals’ freedom of movement without fear. The police are also able to keep track of events in a public gathering even from far thus maintaining peace. Police drones are used in covert urban surveillance. This facilitates effective maintenance of security in urban areas where cases of insecurity are many. Since the drone is remote controlled it can be relocated in dangerous places without fear of losing an individuals life through attacks. It allows police officers to record the public activities with high-resolution without having to move for their security according to Gill and Phythian (2006). These activities include criminal acts and attacks by enemies.